Harvard Scientists Are Going to Use Chemtrails to 'Fight Climate Change'

The largest solar geoengineering program in the world is about to be launched in the US within the next few weeks. The program is from the Harvard University and costs US$20 million. The scientists behind the program will send injections of aerosol 20km into the stratosphere with the hope of accessing the feasibility of the technique as a way of fixing global warming.

The whole purpose of the experiment is to simulate, safely, the cooling effects in the atmosphere of a big volcanic eruption. This is the largest program in solar engineering to ever have been considered, with scientists intending to undertake two dispersals of small-scale, by 2022. The first of the dispersals will put water out into the stratosphere, while the second disperses particles of calcium carbonate. Scientists hope that in the future more tests will be undertaken to include seeding the upper atmosphere with either aluminum oxide or diamonds.

Tests Will Mimic Natural Alterations Caused by Volcanic Eruption

Techniques such as these copies the natural alterations made to the typical radiation balance of Earth, which is generally seen following a volcanic eruption of large scale. One example was said to be the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 when the global temperature dropped by 0.5C.

Another example was when Mount Tambora erupted in 1815 the Earth was cooled and results were more sinister as it resulted in crop failure, disease and famine. In 2013 a study from the Met Office gave the warning that if fine particles are dispersed into the stratosphere there could be a drought in North Africa that would be disastrous.

Unpredictable and Dangerous Results Bring Opposition

Due to the unpredictability and the possibility of the range of results being dangerous, the Harvard University program has been met with some opposition from those in the scientific community. There is the fear that technical fixes which are unproven may take the focus from mitigation efforts that have had proven results.

One of the United Nations intergovernmental panel lead authors, Kevin Trenberth, said that solar geoengineering wasn’t the answer. He went on to say that by cutting the incoming solar radiation it has an effect on the weather, along with the hydrological cycle, and could bring about drought along with causing destabilization and even war. Trenberth added that there may be many side effects and pointed out that the models are not good enough to be able to predict the outcomes.

The Harvard scientists behind the program have acknowledged that geoengineering should be seen to work alongside the reduction of emissions instead of it being a substitute. However, they have said that it is imperative to find out if geoengineering would work, in the event that all else fails and there is the need to use it.

The atmospheric sciences professor, Frank Keutsch, in charge of the program said that the deployment of the solar geoengineering system was a prospect that terrified him. He also said that people shouldn’t choose to be ignorant about knowledge in such a situation as this.

SOURCE: http://www.disclose.tv/news/us_governments_partners_are_going_to_use_chemtrails_to_fight_climate_change/138367

Gobi Desert Dust Helps Sustain California's Sierra Nevada

Climate change is expected to increase the amount of dust migrating in the atmosphere, which could have a significant nutritional impact on mountain ecosystems like the Sierra Nevada.

Credit: David McNew/Getty

After the conservationist John Muir devotedly hiked the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the late 19th century, he penned some of the greatest American nature writing ever put to paper and launched the Sierra Club, which remains one of the most influential members of the nation's conservation movement.

Thanks to his efforts and those of generations that followed, the wild beauty of Muir's beloved Sierra Nevada and its giant sequoias continues to thrive, albeit with a much greater amount of stress due to human-caused climate change. But new research suggests an unlikely ally in the preservation of Muir's iconic muse.

In a paper published today in the journal Nature Communications, a team of researchers found that dust provides a much greater amount of nutrients to vegetation in the Sierra Nevada than previously thought. The dust comes from as far away as the Gobi Desert in Central Asia and as nearby as California's Central Valley.

Phosphorus, along with nitrogen and carbon, is crucial to the survival of life on Earth. It is generally supplied to plants as bedrock is broken down into soil over the slow machinations of geologic time. Researchers have long considered the granite formations of the Sierra Nevada to be limited in phosphorus.

"In recent years it has been a bit of mystery how all these big trees have been sustained in this ecosystem without a lot of phosphorus in the bedrock," Emma Aronson, an assistant professor of plant pathology and microbiology at UC Riverside, said in a statement. "This work begins to unravel that mystery and show that dust may be shaping this iconic California ecosystem."

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought around the world, which will likely mean more dust moving around in the atmosphere. Understanding the role of dust migration in providing nutrients to plants will help researchers anticipate the effects of global warming.

The team, which included researchers from University of California campuses in Riverside and Merced, collected dust samples from four locations in the Sierra Nevada mountains, ranging in elevation from 1,300 to 8,800 feet.

Nicholas Dove, a UC Merced graduate student, was responsible for collecting the dust.

"Harvesting dust for scientific purposes is surprisingly rudimentary," he said in a statement. "We use many household supplies: Wooden posts hold up bundt pans filled with marbles, and the dust settles in the marble matrix. We collect this dust by 'washing' the marbles with sterile water. The water is filtered and, voila, you have your dust."

The pans were fixed atop 6-foot-high poles in order to avoid dust contamination from the researchers' boots.

Researchers made used bundt pans filled with marbles to capture dust. Credit: Chelsea Carey

The scientists identified the geographic origin of the dust samples by examining their isotopes.

They found that dust from Asia accounted for an average of 20 percent of the dust at the lowest elevation and 45 percent of the total amount at the highest elevation. The greater amount of Asian dust in the higher locations, the researchers said, is because dust travels high in the atmosphere and only falls to the ground when it comes into contact with an object such as a mountain.

Dust from the Central Valley was greater at lower elevations, which was expected. But the team found more Central Valley dust at higher elevations later in the dry season, which is significant because their study took place during the peak of what is likely the worst drought to hit California in a millennium.

"Considering we took our measurements in 2014, in the middle of the drought, this makes us think that the drought is a factor here," Aronson said.

Funding for the study was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF).

"This research reveals that the transport of dust in the atmosphere is important for the ecological health of many parts of our planet," said Richard Yuretich, program director for the NSF's Critical Zone Observatory Network. "Complex cycles and feedbacks regulate conditions at the surface of the Earth. This study adds a significant piece to our knowledge of how the Earth works and what we can do to keep it functioning properly."
SOURCE: https://www.seeker.com/gobi-desert-dust-sustains-californias-sierra-nevada-2333166290.html

200 Arctic Lakes Have Turned into Bubbling Jacuzzis and It's Dangerous

A group of Russian scientists has released satellite images of more than two hundred bizarre, vibrant blue lakes in the Arctic region of their country which are fizzing and bubbling ‘like Jacuzzis’ because of methane gas leaks beneath the surface of the water.

Image: Vasily Bogoyavlensky

Vasily Bogoyavlensky from the Russian Academy of Sciences explains that these pools of water are a form of thermokarst lake. These lakes form when permafrost begins to form and causes the surface to collapse and fill with the melting water. Most thermokarst lakes are dark and still but these lakes have an incredibly distinctive blue and bubbling appearance because of the enormous methane deposits beneath the surface.

The methane leaks themselves are causing the bubbling appearance of the lakes which have developed their brilliant blue color because of the kind of algae that is attracted to the area because of the highly sulphuric content of the leaking methane gas.

The odd bright blue lakes have emerged near oil and natural gas deposits on the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas in the Russian region of Siberia. Scientists studying the landscape of Siberia are very familiar with thermokarsts which are a fairly common feature of the wintry landscape. In the past, some of these thermokarsts have attracted international attention such as the phenomenal ‘Doorway to the Underworld’, a crater which is so deep that it has revealed the remains of ancient, buried forests.

However, even these experts claim that they have never seen anything like these stunning blue lakes before. "For example, over one of the gas deposits (in Yamal), lakes are located along two lines. Looking like a giant cross, "said Bogoyavlensky. He says that this means that there is likely to be a "genetic connection of craters with deep faults in the Earth's crust.” However, he said that further seismic research needed to be performed to confirm this theory.

What is particularly unusual about these vibrant blue lakes is that they are still emerging during freezing temperatures which suggest to the scientists that their emergence might be due to global warming. Throughout 2017, they intend to thoroughly investigate whether these unusual lakes are linked to climate change.

SOURCE: http://www.disclose.tv/news/200_arctic_lakes_have_turned_into_bubbling_jacuzzis_and_its_dangerous/138330